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Publication Metadata only Ethical considerations on novel neuronal interfaces(SPRINGER-VERLAG ITALIA SRL, 2018) Keskinbora, Kadircan H.; Keskinbora, Kader; Bahcesehir University; Istinye UniversityWireless powered implants, each smaller than a grain of rice, have the potential to scan and stimulate brain cells. Further research may lead to next-generation brain-machine interfaces for controlling prosthetics, exoskeletons, and robots, as well as electroceuticals to treat disorders of the brain and body. In conditions that can be particularly alleviated with brain stimulation, the use of such mini devices may pose certain challenges. Health professionals are becoming increasingly more accountable in decision-making processes that have impacts on the life quality of individuals. It is possible to transmit such stimulation using remote control principles. Perhaps, the most important concern regarding the use of these devices termed as neural dust is represented by the possibility of controlling affection and other mental functions via waves reaching the brain using more advanced versions of such devices. This will not only violate the respect for authority principle of ethics, but also medical ethics, and may potentially lead to certain incidents of varying vehemence that may be considered illegal. Therefore, a sound knowledge and implementation of ethical principles is becoming a more important issue on the part of healthcare professionals. In both the ethical decision-making process and in ethical conflicts, it may be useful to re-appraise the principles of medical ethics. In this article, the ethical considerations of these devices are discussed.Publication Metadata only A systematic review of Ibn Sina's (Avicenna) studies: reflections on anatomy(SOC ANATOMICA ESPANOLA, 2016) Keskinbora, Kadircan H.; Keskinbora, Kader; Bahcesehir University; Bahcesehir University; Bahcesehir UniversityIbn Sina made significant and long-lasting contributions to almost all fields of science, with an influence spanning over many centuries. Ibn Sina's medical masterpiece, Al-Qanun (Canon) may be considered as a compilation of his medical knowledge. Although the Canon was influenced by other prominent figures of ancient medical traditions, who were appraised throughout the text, it also included a considerable deal of original writings. Following the footsteps of previous traditions, the Canon also presented genuine observations and descriptions of diseases that had not been published before, showing Ibn Sina's ability for synthetizing existing knowledge with his own view in such a way as to influence the practice of medicine for centuries. The Canon is divided into five sections, each of which focuses on separate topics of medicine. The first book may be regarded as the most comprehensive one, discussing the four basic humors, i.e. the blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. The book also includes detailed anatomical descriptions. Similarly, in other sections of the Canon, anatomical changes that may occur in relation to pathological or disease states have also been described. Through this book, the reader can witness the significant and fundamental contribution to the science of anatomy as well as to the other fields of medicine. In this article, representative examples of his contribution will be presented. The Canon has been a fundamental textbook in schools of medicine in Europe and in other places in the Eastern World since the 12th Century up to the end of the 17th century. Not surprisingly, in Bologna, Padua and other locations throughout Europe, Sina's Canon has been a great inspiration for many scientists including Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey, among others.Publication Metadata only Medical ethics considerations on artificial intelligence(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2019) Keskinbora, Kadircan H.; Bahcesehir UniversityArtificial intelligence (AI) is currently one of the mostly controversial matters of the world. This article discusses AI in terms of the medical ethics issues involved, both existing and potential. Once artificial intelligence is fully developed within electronic systems, it will afford many useful applications in many sectors ranging from banking, agriculture, medical procedures to military operations, especially by decreasing the involvement of humans in critically dangerous activities. Robots as well as computers themselves are embodiments of values inasmuch as they entail actions and choices, but their practical applications are modelled or programmed by the engineers building the systems. AI will need algorithmic procedures to ensure safety in the implementation of such systems. The AI algorithms written could naturally contain errors that may result in unforeseen consequences and unfair outcomes along economic and racial class lines. It is crucial that measures be taken to monitor technological developments ensuring preventative and precautionary safeguards are in place to safeguard the rights of those involved against direct or indirect coercion. While it is the responsibility of AI researchers to ensure that the future impact is more positive than negative, ethicists and philosophers need to be deeply involved in the development of such technologies from the beginning. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only A systematic review of Ibn Sina's (Avicenna) studies: Reflections on anatomy(Sociedad Anatomica Espanola [email protected], 2016) Keskinbora, Kadircan H.; Keskinbora, Kader; Keskinbora, Kadircan H., Department of Ophthalmology, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Keskinbora, Kader, Department of Anesthesiology, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyIbn Sina made significant and long-lasting contributions to almost all fields of science, with an influence spanning over many centuries. Ibn Sina's medical masterpiece, Al-Qanun (Canon) may be considered as a compilation of his medical knowledge. Although the Canon was influenced by other prominent figures of ancient medical traditions, who were appraised throughout the text, it also included a considerable deal of original writings. Following the footsteps of previous traditions, the Canon also presented genuine observations and descriptions of diseases that had not been published before, showing Ibn Sina's ability for synthetizing existing knowledge with his own view in such a way as to influence the practice of medicine for centuries. The Canon is divided into five sections, each of which focuses on separate topics of medicine. The first book may be regarded as the most comprehensive one, discussing the four basic humors, i.e. the blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. The book also includes detailed anatomical descriptions. Similarly, in other sections of the Canon, anatomical changes that may occur in relation to pathological or disease states have also been described. Through this book, the reader can witness the significant and fundamental contribution to the science of anatomy as well as to the other fields of medicine. In this article, representative examples of his contribution will be presented. The Canon has been a fundamental textbook in schools of medicine in Europe and in other places in the Eastern World since the 12th Century up to the end of the 17th century. Not surprisingly, in Bologna, Padua and other locations throughout Europe, Sina's Canon has been a great inspiration for many scientists including Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey, among others. © 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Ethical considerations on novel neuronal interfaces(Springer-Verlag Italia s.r.l. [email protected], 2018) Keskinbora, Kadircan H.; Keskinbora, Kader; Keskinbora, Kadircan H., Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Keskinbora, Kader, School of Medicine, İstinye Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyWireless powered implants, each smaller than a grain of rice, have the potential to scan and stimulate brain cells. Further research may lead to next-generation brain-machine interfaces for controlling prosthetics, exoskeletons, and robots, as well as electroceuticals to treat disorders of the brain and body. In conditions that can be particularly alleviated with brain stimulation, the use of such mini devices may pose certain challenges. Health professionals are becoming increasingly more accountable in decision-making processes that have impacts on the life quality of individuals. It is possible to transmit such stimulation using remote control principles. Perhaps, the most important concern regarding the use of these devices termed as neural dust is represented by the possibility of controlling affection and other mental functions via waves reaching the brain using more advanced versions of such devices. This will not only violate the respect for authority principle of ethics, but also medical ethics, and may potentially lead to certain incidents of varying vehemence that may be considered illegal. Therefore, a sound knowledge and implementation of ethical principles is becoming a more important issue on the part of healthcare professionals. In both the ethical decision-making process and in ethical conflicts, it may be useful to re-appraise the principles of medical ethics. In this article, the ethical considerations of these devices are discussed. © 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Medical ethics considerations on artificial intelligence(Churchill Livingstone, 2019) Keskinbora, Kadircan H.; Keskinbora, Kadircan H., Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyArtificial intelligence (AI) is currently one of the mostly controversial matters of the world. This article discusses AI in terms of the medical ethics issues involved, both existing and potential. Once artificial intelligence is fully developed within electronic systems, it will afford many useful applications in many sectors ranging from banking, agriculture, medical procedures to military operations, especially by decreasing the involvement of humans in critically dangerous activities. Robots as well as computers themselves are embodiments of values inasmuch as they entail actions and choices, but their practical applications are modelled or programmed by the engineers building the systems. AI will need algorithmic procedures to ensure safety in the implementation of such systems. The AI algorithms written could naturally contain errors that may result in unforeseen consequences and unfair outcomes along economic and racial class lines. It is crucial that measures be taken to monitor technological developments ensuring preventative and precautionary safeguards are in place to safeguard the rights of those involved against direct or indirect coercion. While it is the responsibility of AI researchers to ensure that the future impact is more positive than negative, ethicists and philosophers need to be deeply involved in the development of such technologies from the beginning. © 2019 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.