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Publication Metadata only Current status of multiscale simulations on GPCRs(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Durdagi, Serdar; Doğan, Berna; Erol, Ismail; Kayık, Gülru; Aksoydan, Busecan; Durdagi, Serdar, Department of Biophysics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey, Neuroscience Program, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Doğan, Berna, Department of Biophysics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Erol, Ismail, Department of Biophysics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey, Department of Chemistry, Gebze Teknik Üniversitesi, Gebze, Turkey; Kayık, Gülru, Department of Biophysics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Aksoydan, Busecan, Department of Biophysics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey, Neuroscience Program, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyMembrane receptors couple signaling pathways using various mechanisms. G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest class of membrane proteins involved in signal transduction across the biological membranes. They are essential targets for cell signaling and are of great commercial interest to the pharmaceutical industry. Recent advances made in molecular biology and computational chemistry offer a range of simulation and multiscale modeling tools for the definition and analysis of protein–ligand, protein–protein, and protein–membrane interactions. The development of new techniques on statistical methods and free energy simulations help to predict novel optimal ligands, G protein specificity and oligomerization. The identification of the ligand-binding activation mechanisms and atomistic determinants as well as the interactions of intracellular binding partners that bind to GPCR targets in different coupling states will provide greater safety in human life. In this review, recent approaches and applications of multiscale simulations on GPCRs were highlighted. © 2019 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Oligomerization and cooperativity in GPCRs from the perspective of the angiotensin AT1 and dopamine D2 receptors(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2019) Durdagi, Serdar; Erol, Ismail; Salmas, Ramin Ekhteiari; Aksoydan, Busecan; Kantarcioglu, Isik; Durdagi, Serdar, Department of Biophysics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey, Neuroscience Program, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Erol, Ismail, Department of Biophysics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey, Department of Chemistry, Gebze Teknik Üniversitesi, Gebze, Turkey; Salmas, Ramin Ekhteiari, Department of Biophysics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Aksoydan, Busecan, Department of Biophysics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey, Neuroscience Program, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Kantarcioglu, Isik, Department of Biophysics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey, Bioengineering Program, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyG Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) can form homo- and heterodimers or constitute higher oligomeric clusters with other heptahelical GPCRs. In this article, multiscale molecular modeling approaches as well as experimental techniques which are used to study oligomerization of GPCRs are reviewed. In particular, the effect of dimerization/oligomerization to the ligand binding affinity of individual protomers and also on the efficacy of the oligomer are discussed by including diverse examples from the literature. In addition, possible allosteric effects that may emerge upon interaction of GPCRs with membrane components, like cholesterol, is also discussed. Investigation of these above-mentioned interactions may greatly contribute to the candidate molecule screening studies and development of novel therapeutics with fewer adverse effects. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
