Araştırma Çıktıları | WoS | Scopus | TR-Dizin | PubMed
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Publication Metadata only AT1 antagonists: A patent review (2008 - 2012)(2013) Mavromoustakos, Thomas M.; Agelis, George; Durdagi, Serdar; Mavromoustakos, Thomas M., Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Agelis, George, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Rio, Greece, Eldrug S.A., Patra, Greece; Durdagi, Serdar, Department of Biophysics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyIntroduction: For two decades a class of pharmaceutical molecules with proved beneficial therapeutic properties, especially in hypertension, has been introduced in the market aiming to specifically prevent the detrimental effects of the peptide hormone Angiotensin II at the AT1 receptor. The prototype of this class was losartan and based on its structure, several drugs were launched and also called 'Sartans'. New structural features on these molecules can provide multi-target properties in the RAS or other systems. New methodologies were developed for the treatment of hypertension utilizing either AT1 antagonists alone or as cocktails. Areas covered: In this review article, authors aim to cover information provided by patents of the years 2008-2012. The rationale of writing this review article is to cover the most important patents which can forward the field with new important discoveries. Expert opinion: From the patent investigation it is clear that new areas on the subject are still offered for new discoveries. New structural features can be still considered in the synthetic compounds that can advance the knowledge and beneficial effects on diseases related to Angiotensin II and AT1 receptor. There is era also for new formulations (i.e., cyclodextrins, polymers and liposomes). The multitarget approach can be further strengthened and more combinations can be sought in the rational drug design for seeking cocktails. Furthermore, the revealing of the complexity of the RAS offers new avenues for novel targets and this must not be overlooked. © 2013 Informa UK, Ltd. © 2013 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Gamma knife radiosurgery inhibits angiogenesis of meningiomas: In vivo rat corneal assay(2013) Kiliç, Kaya; Avşar, Timuçin; Akgun, Emel; Ozkan, Abdulkadir; Toktaş, Zafer Orkun; Şeker, Aśkin N.; Kilic, Turker D.; Kiliç, Kaya, Department of Neurosurgery, T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Taksim Eğitim ve Araştirma Hastanesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Avşar, Timuçin, Biotechnology and Genetics Research Center (ITU-MOBGAM), İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Akgun, Emel, Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Marmara Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Ozkan, Abdulkadir, Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Marmara Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Toktaş, Zafer Orkun, Department of Neurosurgery, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Şeker, Aśkin N., Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Marmara Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey, Department of Neurosurgery, Marmara Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Kilic, Turker D., Department of Neurosurgery, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyObjective The aim of this study is to reveal inhibitory effect of gamma knife irradiation on angiogenesis of meningiomas using rat corneal angiogenesis assay. Methods A total of 72 rats were divided into three preliminary groups. Each group, consisting of 24 rats, was implanted to World Health Organization (WHO) grade I (typical), grade II (atypical), and grade III (malignant) meningioma. Each of these three preliminary groups of 24 rats, were then divided into four subgroups, each consisting of 6 rats and subsequently irradiated by gamma knife with dose prescriptions of 0, 14, 18, and 22 Gy. The numbers of vessels that developed around the micropockets of the corneas were counted and photographed on days 5, 10, 15, and 20. Results For WHO grade I meningiomas, 18 and 22 Gy doses (P < 0.001), and for grade II meningiomas, the 22-Gy (P = 0.021) dose were found to inhibit tumor-induced angiogenesis compared with the radiation-free control group. For grade III meningiomas, there was no statistical difference with the control group in any of the doses applied. Our findings demonstrate that gamma knife irradiation may suppress the angiogenic activity of WHO grades I and II meningiomas but not of the grade III meningiomas. Conclusions For the first time, this study provides an experimental data to show the antiangiogenic effect of gamma knife irradiation on meningiomas. © 2014 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved., MEDLINE® is the source for the MeSH terms of this document.Publication Metadata only Incidence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity in Turkey(BMJ Publishing Group [email protected], 2015) Bas, Ahmet Yagmur; Koç, Esin Merve; Dílmen, Uǧur; Oĝuz, Şerife Suna; Ovalı, Hüsnü Fahri; Demirel, Nihal; Zenciroǧlu, Ayşeg̈ul; Tekin, Neslihan; Caner, Ibrahim; Arslanoǧlu, Sertaç; Bas, Ahmet Yagmur, Department of Neonatology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Teaching and Research Hospital, Kecioren, Turkey; Koç, Esin Merve, Department of Neonatology, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara, Turkey; Dílmen, Uǧur, Department of Neonatology, Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; Oĝuz, Şerife Suna, Department of Neonatology, Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; Ovalı, Hüsnü Fahri, Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Demirel, Nihal, Department of Neonatology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Teaching and Research Hospital, Kecioren, Turkey; Zenciroǧlu, Ayşeg̈ul, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; Tekin, Neslihan, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Eskisehir, Turkey; Caner, Ibrahim, Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey; Arslanoǧlu, Sertaç, Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, TurkeyBackground: The purpose of this study was to estimate the current incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and the need for treatment in preterm infants in Turkey. Methods: The study included preterm infants who had been screened for ROP between 2011 and 2013 in 49 neonatal intensive care units. Infants with birth weight (BW) ≤1500 g or ≤32 weeks' gestational age and those with BW >1500 g or >32 weeks' GA with an unstable clinical course were included. The incidence of any ROP or severe ROP and treatment modalities were determined. Results: The study population included 15 745 preterm infants: 11 803 (75%) with GA ≤32 weeks, and 3942 (25%) with GA >32 weeks. Overall, 30% were found to have any stage of ROP, and 5% had severe ROP. Severe ROP was diagnosed in 8.2% of infants with BW ≤1500 g and 0.6% of infants with BW >1500 g. Of all infants diagnosed with ROP, 16.5% needed laser photocoagulation, and 20 patients born at >32 weeks' GA required this treatment modality. Vitroretinal surgery was performed in 28 infants with severe ROP: 23 with GA ≤28 weeks and 5 with GA 29-32 weeks. Conclusions: The findings of our study have the important implication that more mature babies are at risk of severe ROP requiring treatment. An effective programme for detecting and treating ROP should be established in Turkey. © 2019 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only A comparison of off- and on-pump beating-heart coronary artery bypass surgery on long-term cardiovascular events(Clinics Cardive Publishing (PTY)Ltd PO Box 1013, Durbanville, 7551, 2017) Gürbüz, Orçun; Kumtepe, Gencehan; Yolgösteren, Atif; Özkan, Hakan; Karal, Ilker Hasan; Ercan, Abdulkadir; Ener, Serdar; Gürbüz, Orçun, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Balikesir Üniversitesi, Balikesir, Turkey; Kumtepe, Gencehan, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Balikesir Üniversitesi, Balikesir, Turkey; Yolgösteren, Atif, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa, Turkey; Özkan, Hakan, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Karal, Ilker Hasan, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsun Education and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey; Ercan, Abdulkadir, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Balikesir Üniversitesi, Balikesir, Turkey; Ener, Serdar, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Doruk Hospital, Bursa, TurkeyObjective: Our aim was to compare short-term outcomes and long-term major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE)-free survival and independent predictors of long-term MACE after off-pump (OPCAB) versus on-pump beating-heart (ONBHCAB) coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data of all consecutive patients who underwent elective CABG, performed by the same surgeon, from January 2003 to October 2009. A propensity score analysis was carried out to adjust for baseline characteristics and a total of 398 patients were included: ONBHCAB (n = 181), OPCAB (n = 217). Results: OPCAB was associated with significantly shorter ventilation times (p ≤ 0.001), intensive care unit stay (p ≤ 0.001) and hospital stay (p ≤ 0.001). The total blood loss was significantly more in the ONBHCAB group (p ≤ 0.001), and accordingly, the number of transfused blood units was significantly lower in the OPCAB group (p ≤ 0.001). Incidence of peri-operative renal complications were significantly higher in the ONBHCAB group (p = 0.004). The OPCAB group showed significantly lower long-term MACE-free survival (p = 0.029). The mean number of transfused blood units was the only independent predictor of MACE (HR: 1.218, 95% CI: 1.0891.361, p = 0.001). Conclusion: OPCAB provided better long-term MACE-free survival compared with ONBHCAB. Fewer units of blood transfused following OPCAB surgery may have been the main reason for this result. © 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Surgery for Benign Gynecological Disorders Improve Endometrium Receptivity: A Systematic Review of the Literature(SAGE Publications Inc. [email protected], 2017) Çelik, Önder; Acet, Mustafa; Küçük, Tansu; Haberal, Esra Tuştaş; Acet, Tuba; Bozkurt, Murat; Şahin, Levent; Verit, Fatma Ferda; Çalişkan, Eray; Çelik, Önder, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Private Clinic, Usak, Turkey; Acet, Mustafa, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Küçük, Tansu, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Haberal, Esra Tuştaş, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umraniye Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Acet, Tuba, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Bozkurt, Murat, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Serdivan, Turkey; Şahin, Levent, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kafkas Üniversitesi, Kars, Turkey; Verit, Fatma Ferda, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Suleymaniye Maternity Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Çalişkan, Eray, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyRegardless of the anatomical locations, some benign gynecological disorders (BGDs) such as peritoneal endometriosis, ovarian endometrioma, adenomyosis, uterine leiomyomas, endometrial polyps, uterine septum, and hydrosalpinges may lead to implantation failure. Despite progress in medical therapies, surgery remains a mainstay of BGDs treatment. Although our knowledge of endometrial receptivity after BGDs surgery is limited, it has allowed for significant improvement in the treatment of female subfertility. Many researchers studied on pregnancy outcome following BGDs surgery, but they did not investigate the possible impact of surgery on endometrial receptivity. They, therefore, concluded that pregnancy rates improved after BGDs surgery based on clinical observations. Many of these clinicians believe that surgical resection of BGDs leads to removal of local mechanical effect over the endometrium. Moreover, they accept that BGDs surgery may inhibit the detrimental signaling and secretion of some molecules from the BGDSs into the endometrium that may lead to favorable effect on the endometrium. However, so far, data from randomized controlled trials or systematic review or meta-analyses to answer the question whether surgical treatment of BGDs can improve endometrial receptivity are lacking. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the results of available publications dealing with the impact of reproductive surgery for BGDs on endometrial receptivity. © 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Posterior Rigid Instrumentation of C7: Surgical Considerations and Biomechanics at the Cervicothoracic Junction. A Review of the Literature(Elsevier Inc. [email protected], 2018) Bayoumi, Ahmed B.; Efe, Ibrahim Efecan; Berk, Selim; Kasper, Ekkehard Matthias; Toktaş, Zafer Orkun; Konya, Deniz; Bayoumi, Ahmed B., Department of Neurosurgery, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Efe, Ibrahim Efecan, Department of Neurosurgery, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey, Department of Neurosurgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berk, Selim, Department of Neurosurgery, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Kasper, Ekkehard Matthias, Division of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States; Toktaş, Zafer Orkun, Department of Neurosurgery, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Konya, Deniz, Department of Neurosurgery, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyBackground: The cervicothoracic junction is a challenging anatomic transition in spine surgery. It is commonly affected by different types of diseases that may significantly impair stability in this region. The seventh cervical vertebra (C7) is an atypical cervical vertebra with unique anatomic features compared to subaxial cervical spine (C3 to C6). C7 has relatively broader laminae, larger pedicles, smaller lateral masses, and a long nonbifid spinous process. These features allow a variety of surgical methods for performing posterior rigid instrumentation in the form of different types of screws, such as lateral mass screws, pedicle screws, transfacet screws, and intralaminar screws. Many biomechanical studies on cadavers have evaluated and compared different types of implants at C7. Methods: We reviewed PubMed/Medline by using specific combinations of keywords to summarize previously published articles that examined C7 posterior rigid instrumentation thoroughly in an experimental fashion on patients or cadavers with additional descriptive radiologic parameters for evaluation of the optimum surgical technique for each type. Results: A total of 44 articles were reported, including 22 articles that discussed anatomic considerations (entry points, sagittal and axial trajectories, and features of screws) and another 22 articles that discussed the relevant biomechanical testing at this transitional region if C7 was directly involved in terms of receiving posterior rigid implants. Conclusions: C7 can accommodate different types of screws, which can provide additional benefits and risks based on availability of bony purchase, awareness of surgical technique, biomechanics, and anatomic considerations. © 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Ethical considerations on novel neuronal interfaces(Springer-Verlag Italia s.r.l. [email protected], 2018) Keskinbora, Kadircan H.; Keskinbora, Kader; Keskinbora, Kadircan H., Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Keskinbora, Kader, School of Medicine, İstinye Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyWireless powered implants, each smaller than a grain of rice, have the potential to scan and stimulate brain cells. Further research may lead to next-generation brain-machine interfaces for controlling prosthetics, exoskeletons, and robots, as well as electroceuticals to treat disorders of the brain and body. In conditions that can be particularly alleviated with brain stimulation, the use of such mini devices may pose certain challenges. Health professionals are becoming increasingly more accountable in decision-making processes that have impacts on the life quality of individuals. It is possible to transmit such stimulation using remote control principles. Perhaps, the most important concern regarding the use of these devices termed as neural dust is represented by the possibility of controlling affection and other mental functions via waves reaching the brain using more advanced versions of such devices. This will not only violate the respect for authority principle of ethics, but also medical ethics, and may potentially lead to certain incidents of varying vehemence that may be considered illegal. Therefore, a sound knowledge and implementation of ethical principles is becoming a more important issue on the part of healthcare professionals. In both the ethical decision-making process and in ethical conflicts, it may be useful to re-appraise the principles of medical ethics. In this article, the ethical considerations of these devices are discussed. © 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Effectiveness of platinum-based treatment for triple negative metastatic breast cancer: A meta-analysis(Asian Pacific Organization for Cancer Prevention [email protected],, 2018) Kaya, Vildan; Yildirim, Mustafa; Yazici, Gözde; Gündüz, Şeyda Gulenay; Bozcuk, Hakan Şat; Paydaş, Semra; Kaya, Vildan, Department of Radiation Oncology, Medstar Antalya Hospital, Antakya, Turkey; Yildirim, Mustafa, Department of Internal Medicine, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Yazici, Gözde, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, Turkey; Gündüz, Şeyda Gulenay,; Bozcuk, Hakan Şat,; Paydaş, Semra,Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a sub-group of breast cancers with a particularly poor prognosis. The results of studies investigating the role of platinum-based chemotherapy (PBC) in metastatic TNBC (mTNBC) have been conflicting. In this meta-analysis, our aim was to assess the effectiveness of PBCs for mTNBCs. Methods: The PubMed, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register Databases, and EBSCOhost databases were accessed. The English language was used as the search language and only human studies were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale and the Jadad scoring system were used to evaluate the quality of the included randomized controlled studies. Results: Seven studies and 1,571 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival (OS), evaluated on the basis of six studies, showed the use of PBC regimes to be related to OS in mTNBCs (HR 0.620, 95% CI 0.513-0.749, p: < 0.001). Four studies containing HR and abstract statistics used for HR calculation were included in the meta-analysis for progression-free survival (PFS). The pooled HR again indicated a significant relation (HR, 0.628, 95% CI, 0.501-0.786, p: < 0.001). Conclusions: In this meta-analysis, we confirmed that PBC regimes provide OS and PFS advantages compared to non-PBC regimes. The use of PBC regimes could be a good choice in mTNBC patients for better quality of life and survival. © 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Meningiomas in pregnancy: timing of surgery and clinical outcomes as observed in 104 cases and establishment of a best management strategy(Springer-Verlag Wien [email protected], 2018) Laviv, Yosef; Bayoumi, Ahmed B.; Mahadevan, Anand; Young, Brett C.; Boone, Myles Dustin; Kasper, Ekkehard Matthias; Laviv, Yosef, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States; Bayoumi, Ahmed B., Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States, Department of Neurosurgery, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Mahadevan, Anand, Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States; Young, Brett C., Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine/Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States; Boone, Myles Dustin, Department of Anesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States; Kasper, Ekkehard Matthias, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United StatesBackground: There is a strong correlation between the level of circulating female sex hormones and the parturient growth of meningiomas. As a result, rapid changes in meningioma size occur during pregnancy, putting both the mother and fetus at risk. Large, symptomatic meningiomas require surgical resection, regardless of the status of pregnancy. However, the preferred timing of such complex intervention is a matter of debate. The rarity of this clinical scenario and the absence of prospective trials make it difficult to reach evidence-based conclusions. The aim of this study was to create evidence-based management guidelines for timing of surgery for pregnancy-related intracranial meningiomas. Method: The English literature from 1990 to 2016 was systematically reviewed according to PRISMA guidelines for all surgical cases of pregnancy–related intracranial meningiomas. Cases were divided into two groups: patients who have had surgery during pregnancy and delivered thereafter (group A) and patients who delivered first (group B). Groups were compared for demographic, clinical and radiological features, as well as for neurosurgical, obstetrical and neonatological outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed to assess differences. Results: A total of 104 surgical cases were identified and reviewed, of which 86 were suitable for comparison and statistical analysis. Thirty-five patients (40%) underwent craniotomy for resection during pregnancy or at delivery (group A) and 51 patients (60%) underwent surgery after delivery (group B). Groups showed no significant differences in characteristics such as age at diagnosis, number of gestations, presenting symptoms, tumor site and tumor size. Despite a comparable distribution over the gestational trimesters, group A had significantly more patients diagnosed prior to the 27th gestational week (46 vs 17.5%, p = 0.0075). Group A was also associated with a significantly higher rate of both emergent craniotomies (40 vs 19.6%, p = 0.0048) and emergent Caesarian deliveries (47 vs 17.8%, p = 0.00481). The time from diagnosis to surgery was significantly longer in group B (11 weeks vs 1 week in group A, p = 0.0013). The rate of premature delivery was high but similar in both groups (∼70%). Risks of maternal mortality or fetal mortality were associated with group A (odds ratio = 14.7), but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: While surgical resection of meningioma during pregnancy may be associated with increased maternal and fetal mortalities, the overall neurosurgical, obstetrical and neonatological outcomes, as well as many clinical characteristics, are similar to patients undergoing resection postpartum. We believe that fetal survival chances have a significant impact on decision-making, as patients diagnosed at a later stage in pregnancy (≥27th week of gestation) were more likely to undergo delivery first. This complicated clinical scenario requires the close cooperation of multiple disciplines. While the mother’s health and well-being should always be paramount in guiding management, we hope that the overall good outcomes observed by this systematic review will encourage colleagues to aim for term pregnancies whenever possible in order to reduce prematurity-related problems. © 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only A review on the relationship between gluten and schizophrenia: Is gluten the cause?(Taylor and Francis Ltd. [email protected], 2018) Ergün, Can; Urhan, Murat; Ayer, Ahmet; Ergün, Can, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Urhan, Murat, Manisa Mental Health and Diseases Hospital, Manisa, Turkey; Ayer, Ahmet, Manisa Mental Health and Diseases Hospital, Manisa, TurkeyIntroduction: Schizophrenia is a chronic disease that possesses various clinical manifestations. It presents rather heterogeneous characteristics with respect to onset type, symptoms, and the course of the disease. Although the lifetime prevalence is as low as 1%, it can cause serious disability. Thus, it is very important to develop efficient treatment methods. In some studies, it is hypothesized that removing gluten from the diet leads to a significant improvement in disease symptoms. Epidemiological studies revealed that the prevalence of celiac disease among schizophrenic patients is almost two times higher than that of the general population. Objective: In this review, we evaluate the effects of gluten and celiac disease on the onset of schizophrenia. Efficacy of gluten-free diet applications, antibody response against gluten, and the interaction of the brain–gut axis and the presence of common genetic points are also investigated. Methods: Without any publication date restriction, Pubmed database searches were made for ‘schizophrenia, gluten, gliadin, celiac disease, exorphin, brain-gut axis, psychiatric disorders.' The keywords and the articles about the schizophrenia–celiac disease relationship are included in our review. Results: Several studies presented evidence to suggest that symptoms associated with schizophrenia were minimized when gluten was excluded from patients’ diets. Immunological searches revealed that most schizophrenic patients with increased anti-gliadin antibodies did not possess celiac disease, yet, the presence of increased antibodies against gliadin can be the share point of the immunological abnormalities found in both of the diseases. Discussion: There were no consistent results in the clinical, immunological, microbiological, and epidemiological studies that investigated the relationship between schizophrenia and celiac disease. This presents a need for a larger scale study to confirm the presence of this suggested correlation between schizophrenia and celiac disease. The underlying mechanisms between the two diseases should be explored. © 2019 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.