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Publication Metadata only Machine Vision-Based Expert System for Automated Skin Cancer Detection(SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, 2022) Junayed, Masum Shah; Jeny, Afsana Ahsan; Rada, Lavdie; Islam, Md Baharul; BritoLoeza, C; MartinGonzalez, A; CastanedaZeman, V; Safi, A; Bahcesehir University; Daffodil International UniversitySkin cancer is the most frequently occurring kind of cancer, accounting for about one-third of all cases. Automatic early detection without expert intervention for a visual inspection would be of great help for society. The image processing and machine learning methods have significantly contributed to medical and biomedical research, resulting in fast and exact inspection in different problems. One of such problems is accurate cancer detection and classification. In this study, we introduce an expert system based on image processing and machine learning for skin cancer detection and classification. The proposed approach consists of three significant steps: pre-processing, feature extraction, and classification. The pre-processing step uses the grayscale conversion, Gaussian filter, segmentation, and morphological operation to represent skin lesion images better. We employ two feature extractors, i.e., the ABCD scoring method (asymmetry, border, color, diameter) and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), to extract cancer-affected areas. Finally, five different machine learning classifiers such as logistic regression (LR), decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) used to detect and classify skin cancer. Experimental results show that random forest exceeds all other classifiers achieving an accuracy of 97.62% and 0.97 Area Under Curve (AUC), which is state-of-the-art on the experimented open-source dataset PH2.Publication Metadata only Toward Automatic Water Pollution Analysis: A Machine Learning Approach for Water-Quality Monitoring Through Pattern Classification of Water Crystallization(SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, 2022) Rada, Lavdie; Tanriverdi, Yusuf Baran; Kara, Omer Ekmel; Hemond, Elizabeth M.; Tezel, Ulas; BritoLoeza, C; MartinGonzalez, A; CastanedaZeman, V; Safi, A; Bahcesehir University; Bogazici UniversityHeavy metal contamination in drinking water and water resources is one of the problems generated by increasing water demand and growing industrialization. Heavy metals can be toxic to humans and other living beings when their intake surpasses a certain threshold. Generally, heavy metal contamination analysis of water resources requires qualified experts with specialized equipment. In this paper, we introduce a method for citizen-based water-quality monitoring through simple pattern classification of water crystallization using a smartphone and portable microscope. This work is a first step toward the development of a Water Expert System smartphone application that will provide the ability to analyze water resource contamination remotely by sending images to the database and receiving an automatic analysis of the sample via machine learning software. In this study, we show the ability of the method to detect Fe 2 mg/1 L, 5 mg/L,10 mg/L polluted distilled water compared with other heavy metals (Al, Pb) pollution. The experimental results show that the classification used method has an accuracy greater than 90%.Publication Metadata only Strategies for the Utilization of Virtual Reality Technologies in the First Year of Architectural Education(SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, 2021) Ceylan, Salih; Lane, HC; Zvacek, S; Uhomoibhi, J; Bahcesehir UniversityThe first year of architectural education is a crucial period in which students get introduced to the ambiguous nature of architecture and build the foundations of their professional career. It has a dense structure, theoretical and technical courses gathered around the design studio which is the core of architectural education. Its dynamic and flexible nature makes architectural education open for innovations and the implementation of emerging technologies. Accordingly, digital technologies that have a strong relationship with the profession of architecture, also have firm effects on architectural education. Even though it is not common among architectural education institutions around the globe, emerging digital technologies may have a role in the first year of architectural curriculum. One of the digital technologies that can be utilized in the first year of architectural education in virtual reality technologies as they provide an additional medium for experiencing architectural products and alternative methods for designing them. This paper investigates the necessity and potential benefits ofVRtechnologies in the first year of architectural education. Based on a case study conducted among freshman students, the VR technologies prove themselves useful. The paper also presents various methods and strategies, and their potential benefits for the implementation of VR technologies into the different domains of first year architectural curriculum.Publication Metadata only Towards Stereoscopic Video Deblurring Using Deep Convolutional Networks(SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, 2021) Imani, Hassan; Islam, Md Baharul; Bebis, G; Athitsos, V; Yan, T; Lau, M; Li, F; Shi, C; Yuan, X; Mousas, C; Bruder, G; Bahcesehir UniversityThese days stereoscopic cameras are commonly used in daily life, such as the new smartphones and emerging technologies. The quality of the stereo video can be affected by various factors (e.g., blur artifact due to camera/object motion). For solving this issue, several methods are proposed for monocular deblurring, and there are some limited proposed works for stereo content deblurring. This paper presents a novel stereoscopic video deblurring model considering the consecutive left and right video frames. To compensate for the motion in stereoscopic video, we feed consecutive frames from the previous and next frames to the 3D CNN networks, which can help for further deblurring. Also, our proposed model uses the stereoscopic other view information to help for deblurring. Specifically, to deblur the stereo frames, our model takes the left and right stereoscopic frames and some neighboring left and right frames as the inputs. Then, after compensation for the transformation between consecutive frames, a 3D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is applied to the left and right batches of frames to extract their features. This model consists of the modified 3D U-Net networks. To aggregate the left and right features, the Parallax Attention Module (PAM) is modified to fuse the left and right features and create the output deblurred frames. The experimental results on the recently proposed Stereo Blur dataset show that the proposed method can effectively deblur the blurry stereoscopic videos.Publication Metadata only PoseTED: A Novel Regression-Based Technique for Recognizing Multiple Pose Instances(SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, 2021) Jeny, Afsana Ahsan; Junayed, Masum Shah; Islam, Md Baharul; Bebis, G; Athitsos, V; Yan, T; Lau, M; Li, F; Shi, C; Yuan, X; Mousas, C; Bruder, G; Bahcesehir UniversityPose estimation for multiple people can be viewed as a hierarchical set predicting challenge. Algorithms are needed to classify all persons according to their physical components appropriately. Pose estimation methods are divided into two categories: (1) heatmap-based, (2) regression-based. Heatmap-based techniques are susceptible to various heuristic designs and are not end-to-end trainable, while regression-based methods involve fewer intermediary non-differentiable stages. This paper presents a novel regression-based multi-instance human pose recognition network called PoseTED. It utilizes the well-known object detector YOLOv4 for person detection, and the spatial transformer network (STN) used as a cropping filter. After that, we used a CNN-based backbone that extracts deep features and positional encoding with an encoder-decoder transformer applied for keypoint detection, solving the heuristic design problem before regression-based techniques and increasing overall performance. A prediction-based feed-forward network (FFN) is used to predict several key locations' posture as a group and display the body components as an output. Two available public datasets are tested in this experiment. Experimental results are shown on the COCO andMPII datasets, with an average precision (AP) of 73.7% on the COCO val. dataset, 72.7% on the COCO test dev. dataset, and 89.7% on the MPII datasets, respectively. These results are comparable to the state-of-the-art methods.