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Publication Metadata only Validation of the Turkish version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA)(WILEY PERIODICALS, 2020) Arikan, Gizem; Ustundag-Budak, Ayse Meltem; Akgun, Ege; Mikolajczak, Moira; Roskam, Isabelle; Roskam, I; Mikolajczak, M; Ozyegin University; Bahcesehir University; Ankara University; Universite Catholique LouvainParental Burnout (PB) is an exhaustion syndrome resulting from exposure to overwhelming parenting stress. The current gold-standard instrument, namely, Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) was used in the International Investigation of Parental Burnout (IIPB), a 40-country study of the prevalence of PB around the world. The IIPB study has stimulated worldwide interest, but efforts are still needed to validate the PBA in different cultures. This study is the first on PB in a collectivist, predominantly Islamic country. It aims to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish translation of the PBA. The PBA-Turkish was administered to 452 Turkish parents (60% mothers). The results showed that the PBA is a relevant construct in Turkish culture. We replicated the original four-factor structure of the PBA and tested a second-order factor structure through confirmatory factor analyses. The firstand second-order factor models fit the datawell. The Emotional Distancing subscale, however, demonstrated lower reliability than the other subscales. We then attained measurement invariance across genders in a set of nested models with gradually increasing parameter constraints. Finally, non-working and single parents reported higher PB, pointing to the possible role of relationships and support as protective factors for Turkish parents.Publication Metadata only Politicizing the environment: The ecological crisis of Turkey(Peter Lang AG, 2020) Paker, Hande; Paker, Hande, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyEnvironmental issues constitute one of the most contested political spheres in contemporary Turkey. Despite a well-established environmental legal framework, four decades of environmental mobilization, a serious potential for renewable options, and a current global trend of divestment from fossil fuels in the post-Paris context, Turkey has pursued highly unsustainable growth and energy policies in the past fifteen years due to the neoliberal policies of the ruling party AKP, such as deregulation, privatisation, re-regulation, and commodification. The resulting severe ecological crisis is manifested both locally and globally. This chapter provides an overview of the roles that state and civil society actors play in relation to environmental issues and argues that ecological politics has emerged as a microcosm that holds the key to understanding how contemporary state-society relations play out in Turkey. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Popular culture: Resurrection of Ottoman Nostalgia(Peter Lang AG, 2020) Ubay, Çağkan; Ubay, Çağkan, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyThis chapter illustrates the transformation of Turkish popular culture as a part of prosthetic neo-Ottomanist memory construction. Ottoman nostalgia, which is a remarkable representation of imaginary stories, has increased over the last decade. Prosthetic memory becomes part of one's personal archive of experience and is experienced with one's own body by means of a wide range of cultural technologies. The relationship between memory and mass culture is motivated by exposure to messages conveyed by the mass media and TV series made in Turkey with a specific reference to the glorification of the Ottoman past redefining the relationship between history and memory. This chapter examines the role of Turkish popular culture on the revival of Ottoman Nostalgia in Turkey by focusing on Ottoman-themed Turkish television dramas. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Electoral behavior: Urban myths versus realities(Peter Lang AG, 2020) Esmer, Yilmaz; Karadon, Duygu; Baykal, Simay Şevval; Esmer, Yilmaz, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Karadon, Duygu, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Baykal, Simay Şevval, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyFree and fair elections are the sine qua non of democratic regimes. Consequently, questions about why and how citizens vote is a pivotal issue in studies of political behavior. Although philosophical and theoretical inquiries of voter behavior go all the way back to ancient Greece, systematic and quantitative research on the subject has a history of only six or seven decades. Sample surveys and, more recently, experimental methods are the main research tools that present-day researchers avail themselves of. In addition, we are more than likely to read more and more research based on big data of various sorts and from myriad sources. The vast literature on voting behavior can very roughly be viewed under three categories, namely, sociological, social-psychological and economic-rational approaches. A relatively recent newcomer to these is what is referred to as the biological or the neuroscientific approach. This chapter reviews Turkey's election results with a critical eye for all these four approaches. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Political culture: A tale of two civilizations(Peter Lang AG, 2020) Esmer, Yilmaz; Okçuoğlu, Ayça; Kurutaş, Sebahat; Esmer, Yilmaz, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Okçuoğlu, Ayça, Department of Sociology, Koç Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Kurutaş, Sebahat, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyWhether we take the Tanzimat Edict of 1839 as the symbolic milestone marking the start of the Turkish/Ottoman Westernization efforts, or we prefer even earlier events such as Vakayi Hayriye or even the short-lived Tulip Era, contemporary Turkey's political culture has been shaped by the never-ending struggle between two different mindsets and identities. Recent years, however, have witnessed serious levels of political polarization which is closely correlated with the deeply-rooted cultural schism. The present chapter aims at describing and analyzing the main dimensions of contemporary Turkish political culture against this historical background. Special attention is devoted to the prevalence of democratic values as measured by surveys conducted over the last three decades. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Transformation of foreign policy in the AKP era: Realpolitik codes versus instrumental soft-power(Peter Lang AG, 2020) Canan-Sokullu, Ebru Ş.; Canan-Sokullu, Ebru Ş., Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyTurkey has always held a unique position regarding its geopolitical location, strategic extension, and socio-cultural dynamics in international and regional politics. The end of the Cold War resulted in a global change from traditional hard security concerns and norms, which were exclusively defined and guided by military considerations, to a soft security agenda. Turkish foreign and security policy has undergone under a systemic shift under successive governments of AKP. This chapter examines transformation of realpolitik codes of Turkish foreign policy interests into a rather flexible foreign and security policy approach in terms of ad hoc partnerships and short-term policy interests, paradoxically driven by instrumental and non-sustainable short-term soft power motives. Transition in Turkish foreign policy during the AKP period is unpacked in terms of the regional concentration on the Middle East and Turkey's positioning within the Russo-American nexus during the war in Syria. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Turkish secularism and challenges of transformation(Peter Lang AG, 2020) Tüzen, Zekeriya; Tüzen, Zekeriya, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyThis study aims to identify the type of secularism coloring state-religion relations in Turkey since its foundation, and to reveal the challenges, namely Islamism surrounding the transformation of Turkish secularism through dynamic interactions of political actors and secular state institutions in the twenty-first century. The rise of Islamism in Turkish politics undermined radical credentials of Turkish secularism, but challenged its transformation to a liberal one. It concludes that due to the lack of secular establishment in executive and institutional power, particularly after transition to presidential republic, Turkish secularism is now in crisis. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Turkey's activism in the Middle East: The role of structural factors(Peter Lang AG, 2020) Bilgel, Yasemin; Bilgel, Yasemin, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyThe end of the Cold War and the structural change from bipolarity to unipolarity increased not only Turkey's operational space in the region, but also its concerns for internal stability stemming from the spill-over effects of regional instability. While Turkey's active policy in the region is often seen as an attempt for regional dominance, a close analysis of Turkey's foreign policy reveals that Turkey has acted with a security goal of regional stability as opposed to regional domination. Turkey, concerned with economic development and threats to its internal stability, views regional stability as a means to maximize its power. When Turkey diverged from its foreign policy centered on regional stability, internal stability concerns pushed Turkey for regional collaboration to secure regional stability. This chapter analyzes the shift in Turkey's foreign policy from regional isolationism to regional engagement. It demonstrates that structural factors rather than normative and domestic factors can best explain the shift. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Turkey and the European Union relations in transition: Challenges and future prospects(Peter Lang AG, 2020) Öner, Selcen; Öner, Selcen, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyWestern pillar has always been identified as one of the major cornerstones of Turkish foreign policy despite the ebbs and flows in Turkey's relations with Europe. This chapter examines the recent moments of turbulence in Turkey-EU relations and critically assesses the argument that Turkey is EU's strategic partner. The membership negotiations between Turkey and the EU started on 3 October 2005. After an initial successful Europeanization process relations between Turkey and the EU stagnated first due to the Cyprus issue. Despite this slow progress in opening chapters which might lead to full membership of Turkey, a strategic rapprochement occurred between Turkey and EU thanks to the refugee deal that was accepted in March 2016. This chapter addresses the setbacks in reform process in Turkey especially after the coup attempt in July 2016 and examines the challenges to and prospects for Turkey-EU relations focusing on impacts of financial crisis, solidarity crisis within the EU and the Brexit crisis internal to the EU as well as the rise of anti-immigrant and populist radical right parties in Europe. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Conclusion: Can the EU Be a Feminist Actor?(Palgrave Macmillan, 2021) Süleymanoğlu-Kürüm, Rahime; Cin, Firdevs Melis; Süleymanoğlu-Kürüm, Rahime, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Cin, Firdevs Melis, Department of Educational Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United KingdomThe concluding chapter offers an overview of the extent to which Turkey has adopted and applied EU norms in different gender policy areas, and further scrutinises the impact of the Europeanisation process on women’s development. Building on the findings of seven empirical chapters touching upon both the adoption and application of the EU’s rules, we offer a condensed summary of the extensive lack of feminist thinking and framing in the EU’s approach to infusing gender justice in target countries. Drawing on the case of Turkey and pulling together the gender equality implications from the empirical chapters, this chapter highlights the importance that feminist constructions of the EU should build on for a successful, flourishing, and gender-sensitive Europeanisation process. Lastly, it compares the findings of Europeanisation of gender equality policies in Turkey with the findings of the research on Central and Eastern Europe enlargement, identifies the mechanisms that are in place, and summarises the insights gained from the case of Turkey. The chapter concludes by highlighting that the EU is not yet a feminist but a progressive gender actor. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.