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Publication Metadata only Progress and innovation in key technologies for converting biomass to hydrogen(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Kamshybayeva, Gulzhanay K.; Sadvakasova, Asemgul K.; Belkozhayev, Ayaz; Kossalbayev, Bekzhan D.; Bauenova, Meruyert O.; Zharmukhamedov, Sergei K.; Hou, Harvey J.M.; Allakhverdiev, Suleyman I.; Kamshybayeva, Gulzhanay K., Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Sadvakasova, Asemgul K., Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Belkozhayev, Ayaz, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Kossalbayev, Bekzhan D., Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Ecology Research Institute, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan, Kazakhstan, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Tianjin, China; Bauenova, Meruyert O., Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Zharmukhamedov, Sergei K., Institute of Fundamental Problems of Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation; Hou, Harvey J.M., Department of Physical and Forensic Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, United States; Allakhverdiev, Suleyman I., Institute of Fundamental Problems of Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation, Controlled Photobiosynthesis Laboratory, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyThe growing demand for clean energy has spotlighted biomass as a promising resource for sustainable hydrogen production, providing a carbon-neutral alternative to traditional fossil fuels. This review examines the latest advancements in converting biomass to hydrogen, focusing on thermochemical methods like gasification and pyrolysis, catalyst development, and biotechnological approaches such as dark fermentation and biophotolysis. While these methods offer substantial environmental benefits, including waste reduction and renewable energy generation, challenges persist in optimizing feedstock diversity, enhancing catalyst stability, and achieving cost-effective scalability. Innovations in plasma-assisted reforming, advanced nanocatalysts, and integrated reactor designs show promise in overcoming these barriers. By fostering collaboration across academia, industry, and government, these advancements can pave the way for a viable, sustainable hydrogen economy and contribute significantly to reducing global carbon emissions. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.