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Publication Metadata only The role of syringic acid as a neuroprotective agent for neurodegenerative disorders and future expectations(Springer, 2022) Ogut, E.; Armagan, Kutay; Gül, Zülfiye; Ogut, E., Department of Anatomy, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Armagan, Kutay, Medical Faculty Student, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Gül, Zülfiye, Department of Pharmacology, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyHundreds of millions of people are influenced by neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), traumatic disorders of the nervous system, dementia, and various neurological disorders. Syringic acid (SA) is a natural phenolic compound that is found in medicinal herbs and dietary plants. The therapeutic potential of SA is due to its anti-oxidative, chemoprotective, anti-angiogenic, anti-glycating, anti-proliferative, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-endotoxic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-depressant properties. However, in recent studies, its neuroprotective effect has drawn attention. The current review focuses on the neuroprotective bioactivities of SA and putative mechanisms of action. An electronic data search was performed using different search engines, and the relevant articles (with or without meta-analysis) with any language were selected. In the central and peripheral nervous system, SA has been shown a significant role in excitatory neurotransmitters and alleviate behavioral dysfunctions. The consensus of the literature search was that SA treatment may help neurological dysfunction or behavioral impairments management with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, administration and proper dose of SA could be crucial factors for the effective treatment of neurological diseases. © 2022 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Is the third trochanter of the femur a developmental anomaly, a functional marker, or an evolutionary adaptation?(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Ogut, E.; Ogut, E., Department of Anatomy, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyThe third trochanter (TT) is a proximal femoral accessory tubercle at the upper border of the gluteal tuberosity that is unusually encountered on the posterior aspect. However, detailed knowledge about the TT remains limited. For this reason, TT was investigated in all its aspects. To give an overview about the TT, a review was conducted in databases until November 2021. Out of 4981 articles, only 53 articles could be included, most of which were studies conducted on dry femurs. The TT can be a result of the developmental process of gluteus maximus due to posture and bipedal locomotor activity. Another explanation of the formation of TT is the inactivation, deficiency, or mutation of specific genes that cause alterations in the proximal femoral end. The current review leads to the assumption that TT, considered for all mammalians, can be an evolutionary adaptation and may be a result of altered muscle activity, increased mechanical force, and reduced stress on the femoral shaft. Therefore, TT should be used in genomic studies related to the evolution of mammalians. An improvement in study design, the scale of the study, methodology, and the selection of mammalian species may permit more comprehensive analysis and reduce study heterogeneity. © 2023 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only The Guillain-Mollaret triangle: a key player in motor coordination and control with implications for neurological disorders(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Ogut, E.; Armagan, Kutay; Tufekci, Doruktan; Ogut, E., Department of Anatomy, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Armagan, Kutay, Medical Faculty Student, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Tufekci, Doruktan, Medical Faculty Student, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyThe dentato-rubro-olivary pathway, also known as the Guillain-Mollaret triangle (GMT) or myoclonic triangle, consists of the dentate nucleus, the red nucleus, and the inferior olivary nucleus (ION). GMT is important for motor coordination and control, and abnormalities in this network can lead to various neurological disorders. The present study followed a systematic approach in conducting a review on GMT studies. The inclusion criteria were limited to human subjects with primary objectives of characterizing and evaluating GMT syndromes, and the methodology used was not a determining factor for eligibility. The search strategy used MeSH terms and keywords relevant to the study’s objective in various databases until August 2022. A total of 76 studies were included in the review after assessing 527 articles for eligibility based on the final inclusion criteria. Most of the studies evaluated the GMT in human subjects, with the majority utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), or combination of them. The review found that Hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD), a common consequence of GMT damage, has diverse underlying causes, including stroke, brainstem cavernous malformations, and structural impairments. Palatal tremor, ocular myoclonus, ataxia, nystagmus, and vertigo were frequently reported symptoms associated with HOD. This systematic review provides comprehensive insights into the association between GMT and various neurological syndromes, shedding light on the diagnostic, etiological, and prognostic aspects of GMT dysfunction. Understanding the role of the GMT and its implications in movement disorders could pave the way for improved treatment options and better management of neurological conditions related to this critical brainstem pathway. © 2023 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Investigations into the anatomical location, physiological function, clinical implications, and significance of the nucleus of Perlia(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Ogut, E.; Kaya, Pamirhan; Karakas, Ozge; Yildiz, Edanur; Sozge, Ilgin; Ogut, E., Department of Anatomy, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey; Kaya, Pamirhan, Faculty of Medicine, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Karakas, Ozge, Faculty of Medicine, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Yildiz, Edanur, Faculty of Medicine, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Sozge, Ilgin, Faculty of Medicine, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyBackground: The article discusses the investigations into the nucleus of Perlia (NP), a spindle-shaped nucleus located in the dorsal aspect of the oculomotor complex. However, there is still debate over its exact location and function, with conflicting findings in nonhuman primates. Therefore, the current study aimed the describe the location, function, clinical and surgical implications of NP. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to identify studies related to the following MeSH terms: perlia nucleus OR nucleus of perlia OR convergence nucleus OR nucleus of convergence OR Perlia’s nucleus. The search was conducted until September 2022. Results: The location of the NP has been consistently reported in various studies, with most describing it as situated ventral to the Edinger–Westphal nucleus (EW) and dorsomedial to the oculomotor complex. The incidence of the NP in humans has been reported to range from 9 to 40%. In primates, it was observed to be absent in 77% of midbrains, while well developed in 9%. It is also noted that the NP is not a single nucleus, but rather a group of nuclei that are interconnected and involved in the coordination of eye movements that contain parasympathetic neurons. Conclusions: The study of the NP holds clinical implications for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying the irregularities in the pupillary light reflex, such as anisocoria or abnormal responses to light, diagnosis, and treatment of neurological disorders like Horner’s syndrome, and management of eye movement disorders including one-and-a-half syndrome, vertical gaze palsy, skew deviation and ptosis. The current study also highlighted the limitations of previous studies, including variations in the reported prevalence of the NP, limitations of the histological techniques, and inconsistent findings across human and animal studies. © 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.