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Publication Open Access Artificial intelligence and ophthalmology(Turkish Ophthalmology Society [email protected], 2020) Keskinbora, Kadircan H.; Guven, Fatih; Keskinbora, Kadircan H., Department of Ophthalmology, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Guven, Fatih, Clinic of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, TurkeyArtificial intelligence is advancing rapidly and making its way into all areas of our lives. This review discusses developments and potential practices regarding the use of artificial intelligence in the field of ophthalmology, and the related topic of medical ethics. Various artificial intelligence applications related to the diagnosis of eye diseases were researched in books, journals, search engines, print and social media. Resources were cross-checked to verify the information. Artificial intelligence algorithms, some of which were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, have been adopted in the field of ophthalmology, especially in diagnostic studies. Studies are being conducted that prove that artificial intelligence algorithms can be used in the field of ophthalmology, especially in diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinopathy of prematurity. Some of these algorithms have come to the approval stage. The current point in artificial intelligence studies shows that this technology has advanced considerably and shows promise for future work. It is believed that artificial intelligence applications will be effective in identifying patients with preventable vision loss and directing them to physicians, especially in developing countries where there are fewer trained professionals and physicians are difficult to reach. When we consider the possibility that some future artificial intelligence systems may be candidates for moral/ethical status, certain ethical issues arise. Questions about moral/ethical status are important in some areas of applied ethics. Although it is accepted that current intelligence systems do not have moral/ethical status, it has yet to be determined what the exact the characteristics that confer moral/ethical status are or will be. © 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Open Access Vitamin D in autism spectrum disorder, Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunda D Vitamini(Ortadog u Reklam Tanitim Yayincilik Turizm Egitim Insaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. [email protected] Turkocagi Caddesi No. 30 Balgat 06520, 2020) Ozlu Karahan, Tugce; Arslan, Ezgi; Kenger, Emre Batuhan; Ergün, Can; Ozlu Karahan, Tugce, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; Arslan, Ezgi, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; Kenger, Emre Batuhan, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; Ergün, Can, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, TurkeyAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which is characterized by impaired socio-communicative functionality, limited interests, recurrent or stereotyped behaviors. Epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence of ASD has increased in the last 50 years even if the increase of awareness of ASD and the expansion of diagnostic criteria and diagnostic methods of ASD. Many studies demonstrated that there is an association between the risk of ASD and vitamin D deficiency. In this, review, studies examined the relationship between vitamin D and ASD were considered. All of the examined cross-sectional studies showed that the serum vitamin D level was low among children with ASD. In addition, it was determined that as a therapeutic purpose, vitamin D had positive impacts on children with ASD. On the other hand, investigated studies demonstrated that reduced maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and exposure to sunlight may increase the risk of ASD. It has been believed that vitamin D deficiency affects ASD pathogenesis due to the formation of many de novo gene mutations by not repairing the mutated genes. According to another opinion, it has been suggested that the decreased antioxidant defenses as a result of vitamin D deficiency affect the neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation process in the brain of individuals with ASD. As the relationship of vitamin D with ASD, it is crucial to screen pregnant women who are at risk of deficiency and children with ASD in terms of vitamin D deficiency and to plan appropriate treatment if necessary. Randomized controlled trials are required to be carried out in the prevention and/or treatment of ASD. © 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Open Access Neurosurgical Practice During Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic(Elsevier Inc. [email protected], 2020) Ozoner, Barış; Gungor, Abuzer; Hasanov, Teyyub; Toktaş, Zafer Orkun; Kilic, Turker D.; Ozoner, Barış, Department of Neurosurgery, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Gungor, Abuzer, Department of Neurosurgery, Okmeydani Research and Education Hospital, University of Medical Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey; Hasanov, Teyyub, Department of Neurosurgery, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Toktaş, Zafer Orkun, Department of Neurosurgery, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Kilic, Turker D., Department of Neurosurgery, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a highly contagious life-threatening condition with unprecedented impacts for worldwide societies and health care systems. Since the first detection in China, it has spread rapidly worldwide. The increased burden has substantially affected neurosurgical practice and intensive modifications have been required in surgical scheduling, inpatient and outpatient clinics, management of emergency cases, and even in academic activities. In some systems, nonoverlapping teams have been created to minimize transmission among health care workers. In cases of a massive burden, neurosurgeons may need to be reassigned to COVID-19 wards, or teams from other regions may need to be sent to severely affected areas. Recommendations are as following. In outpatient practice, if possible, appointments should be undertaken via telemedicine. All staff assigned to the non-COVID treatment unit should be clothed in level 1 personal protective equipment. If possible, postponement is recommended for operations that do not require urgent or emergent intervention. All patients indicated for surgery must receive COVID-19 screening, including a nasopharyngeal swab and thorax computed tomography. Level 2 protection measures are appropriate during COVID-19–negative patients' operations. Operations of COVID-19–positive patients and emergency operations, in which screening cannot be obtained, should be performed after level 3 protective measures. During surgery, the use of high-speed drills and electrocautery should be reduced to minimize aerosol production. Screening is crucial in all patients because the surgical outcome is highly mortal in patients with COVID-19. All educational and academic conferences can be undertaken as virtual webinars. © 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Open Access A new risk factor for cardiometabolic syndrome: Chrononutrition, Kardiyometabolik Sendrom İçin Yeni Bir Risk Faktörü: Krono-Beslenme(Ortadog u Reklam Tanitim Yayincilik Turizm Egitim Insaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S., 2020) Arslan, Ezgi; Ozlu Karahan, Tugce; Kenger, Emre Batuhan; Ergün, Can; Arslan, Ezgi, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Ozlu Karahan, Tugce, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Kenger, Emre Batuhan, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Ergün, Can, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyCircadian system regulates energy homeostasis, including nutrient intake and energy expenditure. Chrononutrition is a novel developing discipline based on the close relationship between endogenous circadian rhythm and metabolism. In this review, it was aimed to reveal the effects of nutritional intake and diet on cardiometabolic heath through circadian systems. Chrononutrition covers 3 dimensions of eating behaviour: timing, frequency and regularity. Sleep patterns are defined as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases because of circadian disruption, glucose and lipid metabolism and physiological conditions that occur betwen hunger/feeding cycles and light/dark cycles. The most of studies about chrononutrition focused on meal timing and frequency. Regarding this, meal timing patterns such as skipping breakfast or higher energy intake in the evening might be linked to the risk of overweight/obesity and negative metabolic effects on individuals. Insufficient and poor quality sleep is risk factor for cardiometabolic health. It has been explained that inadequate sleep disrupts the rhythms of body, and deteriorated rhythms cause increased nutritional intake and irregular feeding profiles. It has been explained that inadequate sleep disrupts the rhythms of body, and deteriorated rhythms cause increased nutritional intake and irregular feeding profiles. In conclusion, there are cycles that affect between nutrition, sleep and circadian rhythm. It has been suggested that there are mechanisms and pathways that have not yet been revealed among the cycles. More research is required to understand the interaction between chrononutrition and cardiometabolic health. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Open Access Angiogenesis in gynecological cancers and the options for anti-angiogenesis therapy(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Yetkin-Arik, Bahar; Kastelein, Arnoud W.; Klaassen, Ingeborg; Jansen, Charlotte H.J.R.; Latul, Yani P.; Vittori, Miloš; Biri, Aydan Asyali; Kahraman, Korhan; Griffioen, Arjan W.; Amant, Frédéric C.H.; Yetkin-Arik, Bahar, Department of Ophthalmology, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Department of Medical Biology, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Kastelein, Arnoud W., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Klaassen, Ingeborg, Department of Ophthalmology, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Department of Medical Biology, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Jansen, Charlotte H.J.R., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Latul, Yani P., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Vittori, Miloš, Biotechnical Faculty, Univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Biri, Aydan Asyali, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara Numune Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; Kahraman, Korhan, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Griffioen, Arjan W., Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amant, Frédéric C.H., Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Center for Gynaecologic Oncology, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Center for Gynaecologic Oncology Amsterdam, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Center for Gynaecologic Oncology Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC - University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NetherlandsAngiogenesis is required in cancer, including gynecological cancers, for the growth of primary tumors and secondary metastases. Development of anti-angiogenesis therapy in gynecological cancers and improvement of its efficacy have been a major focus of fundamental and clinical research. However, survival benefits of current anti-angiogenic agents, such as bevacizumab, in patients with gynecological cancer, are modest. Therefore, a better understanding of angiogenesis and the tumor microenvironment in gynecological cancers is urgently needed to develop more effective anti-angiogenic therapies, either or not in combination with other therapeutic approaches. We describe the molecular aspects of (tumor) blood vessel formation and the tumor microenvironment and provide an extensive clinical overview of current anti-angiogenic therapies for gynecological cancers. We discuss the different phenotypes of angiogenic endothelial cells as potential therapeutic targets, strategies aimed at intervention in their metabolism, and approaches targeting their (inflammatory) tumor microenvironment. © 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Open Access Application of machine learning to improve dairy farm management: A systematic literature review(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Slob, Naftali; Catal, Cagatay; Kassahun, Ayalew; Slob, Naftali, Information Technology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; Catal, Cagatay, Department of Computer Engineering, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Kassahun, Ayalew, Information Technology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsIn recent years, several researchers and practitioners applied machine learning algorithms in the dairy farm context and discussed several solutions to predict various variables of interest, most of which were related to incipient diseases. The objective of this article is to identify, assess, and synthesize the papers that discuss the application of machine learning in the dairy farm management context. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) protocol, we retrieved 427 papers, of which 38 papers were determined as primary studies and thus were analysed in detail. More than half of the papers (55 %) addressed disease detection. The other two categories of problems addressed were milk production and milk quality. Seventy-one independent variables were identified and grouped into seven categories. The two prominent categories that were used in more than half of the papers were milking parameters and milk properties. The other categories of independent variables were milk content, pregnancy/calving information, cow characteristics, lactation, and farm characteristics. Twenty-three algorithms were identified, which we grouped into four categories. Decision tree-based algorithms are by far the most used followed by artificial neural network-based algorithms. Regression-based algorithms and other algorithms that do not belong to the previous categories were used in 13 papers. Twenty-three evaluation parameters were identified of which 7 were used 3 or more times. The three evaluation parameters that were used by more than half of the papers are sensitivity, specificity, RMSE. The challenges most encountered were feature selection and unbalanced data and together with problem size, overfitting/estimating, and parameter tuning account for three-quarters of the challenges identified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first SLR study on the use of machine learning to improve dairy farm management, and to this end, this study will be valuable not only for researchers but also practitioners in dairy farms. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Artificial intelligence technologies in dentistry(Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, 2021) Albayrak, Berkman; Özdemir, Gökhan; Us, Yeşim Olçer; Yüzbaşıoğlu, Emir; Albayrak, Berkman, Department of Prosthodontics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Özdemir, Gökhan, Department of Prosthodontics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Us, Yeşim Olçer, Department of Prosthodontics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Yüzbaşıoğlu, Emir, Department of Prosthodontics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey, Department of Dentistry, BAU International University, Batumi, GeorgiaOne of the most important actors in the digitization process of our age has been the applications of artificial intelligence (AI). While the weak and strong AI sub-concepts and the different AI models within them are being utilized in many fields such as education, industry and medicine today, the interest of the dentistry field, which has started its integration into the digital world with CAD/CAM technology, in AI is increasing day by day. In different branches of dentistry, AI provides services to clinicians and researchers in many fields such as disease diagnosis, evaluation of the occurrence or recurrence of diseases such as oral cancer, and prediction of success in surgical and prosthetic treatments. In this article, studies in which AI models such as machine learning, convolutional neural networks have found research and usage areas on the basis of different branches of dentistry are reviewed. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Metadata only Accuracy and efficiency of digital implant planning and guided implant surgery: An update and review(Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, 2021) Ilhan, Ceylan; Dikmen, Mehmet; Yüzbaşıoğlu, Emir; Ilhan, Ceylan, Department of Prosthodontics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Dikmen, Mehmet, Private Practice, Ankara, Turkey; Yüzbaşıoğlu, Emir, Department of Prosthodontics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey, Department of Dentistry, BAU International University, Batumi, GeorgiaAdvances in digital technology present seamless 3D integrated workflow options to eliminate surgical and prosthetic complications in dental implant treatment. Virtual implant planning with guided implant surgery is claimed to provide predictable results. State of art technology is capable to transfer virtual implant planning from software to clinical application. However, clinicians have to be aware of the potential deviation factors and risks of the different types of guided implant surgery systems to reduce the complications. This review aims to evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of different computer-assisted dental implant surgical techniques and to discuss their potential error sources. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Open Access Clinical outcomes and complications of CAD-CAM fabricated complete dentures: An update and review(Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, 2021) Yüzbaşıoğlu, Emir; Us, Yeşim Olçer; Özdemir, Gökhan; Albayrak, Berkman; Yüzbaşıoğlu, Emir, Department of Prosthodontics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey, Department of Dentistry, BAU International University, Batumi, Georgia; Us, Yeşim Olçer, Department of Prosthodontics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Özdemir, Gökhan, Department of Prosthodontics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Albayrak, Berkman, Department of Prosthodontics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyFor decades, conventional complete dentures (CD) have been a promising treatment for edentulous patients. The introduction of digital technology in CD fabrication streamlines and simplifies the treatment process and offers new and specific applications for the completely edentulous patients. Computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufactured (CAD/CAM) CD protocols can improve efficiency and offer specific applications in specific situations to improve patient care, satisfaction, and convenience. The aim of this review is to assess and evaluate the clinical outcomes and complication of CAD/CAM fabricated CD systems and to provide information about currently available systems for dental practitioners. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Publication Open Access Digital smile design as a communication tool for predictable clinical results: An update and review(Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, 2021) Us, Yeşim Olçer; Yüzbaşıoğlu, Emir; Albayrak, Berkman; Özdemir, Gökhan; Us, Yeşim Olçer, Department of Prosthodontics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Yüzbaşıoğlu, Emir, Department of Prosthodontics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey, Department of Dentistry, BAU International University, Batumi, Georgia; Albayrak, Berkman, Department of Prosthodontics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Özdemir, Gökhan, Department of Prosthodontics, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyIncreasing aesthetic preferences and technological changes in dentistry have occurred over time, resulting in predictable, more aesthetic and more functional results. First, the development of digital dentistry, especially the CAD/CAM systems, following these developments, the ability to make smile designs with the effect of digitalization in anterior restorations led to the emergence of reliable and more guaranteed restorations for both the patient, dentist and dental technician. This review summarizes the information and offers suggestions with features to be considered in digital smile design and digital smile design software. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.