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Publication Open Access Surgical Indications and Techniques for Adrenalectomy(2020) Aygün, Nurcihan; Uludağ, Mehmet; İşgör, Adnan; T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı; T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı; Bahçeşehir ÜniversitesiIndications for adrenalectomy are malignancy suspicion or malignant tumors, non-functional tumors with the risk of malignancyand functional adrenal tumors. Regardless of the size of functional tumors, they have surgical indications. The hormone-secretingadrenal tumors in which adrenalectomy is indicated are as follows: Cushing’s syndrome, arises from hypersecretion of glucocorticoidsproduced in fasciculata adrenal cortex, Conn’s syndrome, arises from an hypersecretion of aldosterone produced by glomerulosaadrenal cortex, and Pheochromocytomas that arise from adrenal medulla and produce catecholamines. Sometimes, bilateral adrenalectomy may be required in Cushing's disease due to pituitary or ectopic ACTH secretion. Adenomas arise from the reticularis layerof the adrenal cortex, which rarely releases too much adrenal androgen and estrogen, may also develop and have an indication foradrenalectomy. Adrenal surgery can be performed by laparoscopic or open technique. Today, laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the goldstandard treatment in selected patients. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy can be performed transperitoneally or retroperitoneoscopically. Both approaches have their advantages and disadvantages. In the selection of the surgery type, the experience and habits ofthe surgeon are also important, along with the patient’s characteristics. The most common type of surgery performed in the worldis laparoscopic transabdominal lateral adrenalectomy, which most surgeons are more familiar with. The laparoscopic anterior transperitoneal approach is the least preferred laparoscopic method in adrenalectomy. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy canbe performed with a posterior or lateral approach. In addition to conventional laparoscopy, laparoscopic surgery is robot-assisted,which can be administered by transperitoneal or retroperitoneal approach. In addition, conventional or robot-assisted laparoscopicadrenalectomy can be performed transabdominally or retroperitoneally using the single-port method. Today, partial adrenalectomycan be performed using laparoscopic techniques in bilateral adrenal masses, hereditary diseases with the risk of developing multipleadrenal tumors, and solitary masses of the adrenal gland. Open surgery is indicated in the case of malignancy or suspected malignancy and large tumors when laparoscopic surgery is contraindicated. The risk of conversion to open surgery is low (approximately 5%).The open transperitoneal anterior approach is the most common open intervention, especially in large tumors with malignancy orsuspected malignancy. This procedure can be performed using a midline incision, bilateral or unilateral subcostal incision, Makuuchior modified Makuuchi incision. Thoracoabdominal incision may be required, especially in the removal of large malignant lesions as ablock. The open retroperitoneal approach can be applied posteriorly or laterally.Publication Open Access Kardiyometabolik Sendrom İçin Yeni Bir Risk Faktörü: Krono-Beslenme(2020) Özlü, Tuğçe; Ergün, Can; Arslan, Ezgi; Kenger, Emre Batuhan; Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi; Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi; Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi; Bahçeşehir ÜniversitesiSirkadiyen sistem, besin alımı ve enerji harcaması dâhil olmaküzere enerji homeostazını düzenlemektedir. Krono-beslenme, endojensirkadiyen ritim ve metabolizma arasındaki yakın ilişkiyi temel alanve gelişmekte olan yeni bir disiplindir. Bu derlemede, besin alımı vebeslenme düzenlerinin, sirkadiyen sistemler yoluyla kardiyometaboliksağlık üzerindeki etkilerinin açığa çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Kronobeslenme,yeme davranışının zamanlama, sıklık ve düzenlilik olmaküzere 3 boyutunu kapsamaktadır. Uyku düzeni, açlık/beslenme döngülerive aydınlık/karanlık döngüsü arasında gerçekleşen sirkadiyen bozulma,glukoz, lipid metabolizması ve fizyolojik durumları olumsuzetkileyerek, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar için bir risk faktörü olarak tanımlanmaktadır.Krono-beslenme alanında yapılan çalışmaların çoğunluğu,öğün zamanlaması ve sıklığına odaklanmıştır. Buna ilişkinolarak, kahvaltıyı atlamak, akşamları daha yüksek enerjili öğünler tüketmekgibi öğün zamanlama modellerinin, aşırı kiloluluk veya obeziteriski ve bireylerde olumsuz metabolik etkiler ile bağlantılı olduğudüşünülmektedir. Yetersiz ve kalitesiz uyku, kardiyometabolik sağlıkiçin risk faktörüdür. Yetersiz uykunun, vücudun ritimlerini bozduğu vebozulan ritimlerin, artan besin alımı ve düzensiz beslenme profillerineneden olduğu açıklanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, beslenme, uyku ve sirkadiyenritimler arasında birbirini etkileyen döngüler bulunmakta olup, budöngüler arasında henüz açığa çıkarılmamış mekanizma ve yolaklar olduğutahmin edilmektedir. Krono-beslenme ve kardiyometabolik sağlıkarasındaki etkileşimi anlamak için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaçvardır.Publication Open Access Non-Toxic Multinodular Goiter: From Etiopathogenesis to\rTreatment(2022) Ünlü, Mehmet Taner; Aygün, Nurcihan; Uludağ, Mehmet; Köstek, Mehmet; İşgör, Adnan; Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi; Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi; Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi; Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi; Bahçeşehir ÜniversitesiGoiter term is generally used for defining the enlargement of thyroid gland. Thyroid nodules are very common and some of these\rnodules may harbor malignancy. Multinodular goiter (MNG) disease without thyroid dysfunction is defined as non-toxic MNG.\rThere are many factors in etiology for development of MNG. They can be classified as iodine dependent and non-iodine dependent\rfactors basically. Beyond this basic classification, the effect of many environmental and acquired factors is also effective on the\rdevelopment of goiter.\rMany methods have described for diagnosis and treatment for non-toxic MNG. Biochemical tests, imagining methods, invasive and\rnon-invasive methods have been used for diagnosis for many years. Each method has advantages and disadvantages, separately.\rAlthough the best method for diagnosis is still debatable, distinguishing malignant nodules from benign nodules is the first and\rmost important step for MNG.\rBiochemical tests such as serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) measurement, thyroid hormone measurement, and thyroid\rultrasonography are used for diagnosis of MNG, traditionally. Nowadays, there are some new techniques were developed like\rultrasound-elastography. Furthermore, thyroid scintigraphy may be used if there is abnormal TSH measurement. Fine-needle as-\rpiration biopsy and some cross-sectional imaging methods (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron\remission tomography) could be used, too.\rAfter a certain diagnosis is made, treatment options should be evaluated. Many treatment methods have been used for goiter\rfrom ancient times upon today. From non-invasive methods such as medical follow-up to invasive methods such as lobectomy\ror thyroidectomy are options for treatment. Patients with compression symptoms due to an enlarged thyroid gland are usually\rcandidates for surgery. In this study, it is aimed to determine the most appropriate treatment for the patient by discussing the\radvantages and disadvantages of all these methods.\rThe present review discusses definition of goiter term, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and treatment\rmethods for nontoxic MNG.\rPublication Open Access Substernal Goiter: From Definitions to Treatment(2022) Aygün, Nurcihan; Uludağ, Mehmet; İşgör, Adnan; Köstek, Mehmet; Ünlü, Mehmet Taner; Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi; Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi; Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi; Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi; Sağlık Bilimleri ÜniversitesiThe enlargement of multinodular goiter into the mediastinum through the thoracic inlet or ectopic thyroid tissues directly in the \rmediastinum is defined as Substernal Goiter (SG). However, there is no clear consensus in the literature on this definition. There \rare many definitions for SG in the literature. Most definitions are similar or overlapping. Since the thyroid is located in the neck \rabove the thoracic inlet in its normal anatomical position, the simplest clinical definition should be preferred among the definitions regarding its descent below the thoracic inlet and adjacent to the mediastinal organs. In the American Thyroid Association \rguideline, SG is defined as clinical or radiological protrusion of the thyroid gland over the sternal notch or clavicle in a patient with \ra slightly extended neck in the supine position. SGs can be classified as primary or secondary according to their origins. In addition, there are combined SGs resulting from the enlargement of the primary SG, which is the growth of the cervical thyroid gland \rtoward the mediastinum, and the secondary SG, which is defined as an ectopic mediastinal mass, together. We find it appropriate \rto define such SGs as mixed SGs. In this disease, which has the same etiology and etiopathogenesis as cervical goiter, the descent \rof the thyroid gland into the mediastinum due to some anatomical factors explains the physiopathology. Compression symptoms \rof mediastinal major vascular structures, trachea, and esophagus cause the symptoms and findings of SGs due to its localization. \rIn addition, the relationship of SGs with possible malignancy risk and hyperthyroidism affecting the indications and methods of \rtreatment has been discussed for a long time. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the definitions, classification, physiopathology, \rlaboratory and imaging methods used for diagnosis, the relationship of SG with hyperthyroidism and malignancy, and briefly the \rtreatment methods, according to the current studies from literature.