On development of heat transportation through bioconvection of Maxwell nanofluid flow due to an extendable sheet with radiative heat flux and prescribed surface temperature and prescribed heat flux conditions

Abstract

This paper evaluates thermal output for the flow of Maxwell nanofluid over an extending sheet with bioconvection of micron size self-motivated organisms. Radiative heat flux and two temperature boundary conditions, namely, prescribed surface temperature (PST) and prescribed heat flux (PHF), are considered. The flow is influenced by a magnetic field and porosity effects of a medium. The motivation pertains to attain an enhancement in thermal transportation via nanoparticle inclusion. The possible settling of the nanoparticles may be avoided by bioconvection of microorganisms. The basic theoretical conservation of mass, concentration, momentum, and energy provides a nonlinear set of partial differential equations which are then transmuted into ordinary differential form. The implementation of Runge–Kutta method with shooting technique in Matlab coding resulted the numerical solution. A deep insight into the problem is inspected by varying the inputs of influential parameters of the dependent functions. It is perceived that the flow speed is hindered by the growing inputs of parameters of buoyancy ratio, magnetic field, Raleigh number, and porosity. The temperature of the fluid attains higher outputs directly with thermophoresis and Brownian movement of nanoparticles. Motile microorganisms χ(η) profile goes down when bioconvection Schmidt number intensified. The current numeric results are validated when compared within existing studies. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.