Toward Escherichia coli bacteria-machine for water-oxidation reaction at neutral conditions: Using Ruthenium Red

Abstract

Water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen is a promising method for storing sustainable but intermittent energies. Ruthenium compounds are promising for the water-oxidation reaction. Herein, an easy method is employed to load a water-oxidation catalyst (Ruthenium Red, ([(NH<inf>3</inf>)<inf>5</inf>RuORu(NH<inf>3</inf>)<inf>4</inf>ORu(NH<inf>3</inf>)<inf>5</inf>]Cl<inf>6</inf>)) on the surface of the Escherichia coli bacterial template. After the synthetic procedure, the catalyst is characterized by field emission-scanning electron microscopes, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, visible spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. Some of the employed methods show that the bacterial template is intact after the synthetic procedure. In the next step, the catalyst is investigated by linear sweep, cyclic, and square wave voltammetry methods. The water-oxidation reaction of the compounds is examined under electrochemical conditions in LiClO<inf>4</inf> (0.25 M) at pH = 6.3. Linear sweep voltammetry shows that the onset overpotential of the water-oxidation reaction of the catalyst is 720 mV (based on extrapolation of the Tafel plot) with a Tafel slope of 226.4 mV per decade. Thus, the presence of Ruthenium Red in the material remarkably increases the activity of the water-oxidation reaction. © 2023 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.