Impact of backpack load during walking: an EMG and biomechanical analysis

Abstract

Abstract: This study aims to understand the impact of backpack carriage, a regular activity for many, on back muscles and joint mobility during walking so that clinicians can develop strategies or products to ensure individuals’ safety and well-being. Surface electromyography (EMG) and XSENS Awinda motion capture systems were used to analyze the effects of carrying a backpack (12% of body weight) on erector spinae and multifidus muscles, as well as spinal, hip, knee, and ankle joints. Subjects walked at 4 km/h on flat and inclined surfaces. Paired t-tests compared backpack loads to baseline measurements. Carrying a backpack reduced activation levels in erector spinae and multifidus muscles and restricted spinal joint range of motion (axial and lateral bending, p<0.05). Hip joint rotation increased (p<0.05). Moderate to strong correlations were observed between muscle activity and spinal joint ROM, notably with left erector spinae and L5-S1 lateral bending (r=0.723,p<0.001). Backpack carriage decreases back muscle activation and alters the joint range of motion. Asymmetric correlations show that the subjects adapt muscle activity and gait patterns asymmetrically to manage external loads. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.