Chemical profiling and biological activity evaluation of propolis from Çayeli-Rize, Eastern Black Sea Region, Anatolia

Abstract

The constituents of the aqueous, ethanol, hexane, and methanol extracts of Anatolian propolis collected from the Eastern Black Sea Region (Çayeli-Rize) were investigated by GC–MS, HPLC and AAS. Interestingly, lactulose has been identified. Ten phenolic compounds, namely caffeic acid, ferulic acid, rutin, taxifolin, quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin, silicristin, silibinin and gallic acid were determined. The contents of phenolic acids and flavonoids varied between 17.04–642.59 and 1.18–2749.20 ppm, respectively. Minerals found in propolis were Na, K, Ca, Mg and Zn. The methanol extract had the highest antiproliferative activity against the A549 cell line with an IC<inf>50</inf> value of 0.1821 µL/mL. The extracts showed higher antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria compared to Gram-positive bacteria. © 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.