Assessing the Impacts of Eco-innovations, Economic Growth, Urbanization on Ecological Footprints in G-11: Exploring the Sustainable Development Policy Options

Abstract

G-11 countries are getting rapid economic growth with unsustainable eco-system. Despite the commitments, these countries remain unable to improve their environment from degradation. Therefore, the current study aims to explore the effects of eco-innovations (ECO), sub-indices of globalization, economic growth (GDP), and urbanization (URB) on ecological footprints (EF). The annual data of 1990–2020 is utilized to apply the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag approach and validates the environmental Kuznets curve in the group of eleven nations (G-11). URB and GDP are not environmentally friendly. Economic globalization (EC), social globalization (SG), and political globalization (PG) are suitable for these countries. The interactional term of urbanization and eco-innovations is environmentally friendly. These findings present some important policy implications for G-11 countries. By integrating eco-innovations and urbanization processes with enhanced research and development expenditures, these countries can grow sustainably. © 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.