Miniaturized and Circularly Polarized Dual-Port Metasurface-Based Leaky-Wave MIMO Antenna for CubeSat Communications

Abstract

This paper presents a compact, high-performance metasurface-based leaky-wave MIMO antenna with dimensions of 40 × 30 mm2, achieving a gain of 12.5 dBi and a radiation efficiency of 85%. The antenna enables precise control of electromagnetic waves, featuring a flower-like metasurface (MTS) with coffee bean-shaped arrays on substrates of varying permittivity, separated by a cavity layer to enhance coupling. Its dual-port MIMO design boosts data throughput operating in three bands (3.75–5.25 GHz, 6.4–15.4 GHz, and 22.5–30 GHz), while the leaky-wave mechanism supports frequency- or phase-dependent beamsteering without mechanical parts. Ideal for CubeSat communications, its compact size meets CubeSat constraints, and its high gain and efficiency ensure reliable long-distance communication with low power consumption, which is crucial for low Earth orbit operations. Circular polarization (CP) maintains signal integrity despite orientation changes, and MIMO capability supports high data rates for applications such as Earth observations or inter-satellite links. The beamsteering feature allows for dynamic tracking of ground stations or satellites, enhancing mission flexibility and reducing interference. This lightweight, efficient antenna addresses modern CubeSat challenges, providing a robust solution for advanced space communication systems with significant potential to enhance satellite connectivity and data transmission in complex space environments. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.