Hafriyat toprağı, inşaat ve yıkıntı atıklarının alternatif yönetimleri ve İstanbul ölçeğinde incelenmesi
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Date
2012-04
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Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Abstract
Hafriyat toprağı, inşaat ve yıkıntı atıkları katı atık türü olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Katı
atıkların yönetiminden farklı olarak, bu atıkların geri kazanımını ve bertaraf edilmesini
içeren yönetim sistemi, birçok zorluk içeren büyük bir kentsel sorundur. Hafriyat
toprağı, inşaat ve yıkıntı atıkları ve yönetimiyle ilgili bu tez çalışması beş bölümden
oluşmaktadır.
Birinci bölümde, bina temel kazısı ile inşa/yıkım faaliyetleri ve altyapı faaliyetleri
sonucu oluşan hafriyat toprağı, inşaat ve yıkıntı atıklarının üretimi, toplanması,
taşınması, geri kazanımı ve bertaraf edilmesini içeren yönetim planından ve bu yönetim
planında, mevcut sistemden farklı olarak dikkate alınması gereken hususlardan
bahsedilmiştir.
İkinci bölümde, hafriyat toprağı, inşaat ve yıkıntı atıkları ile ilgili temel tanımlar ve
mevcut mevzuatlarla ilgili literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Ayrıca İstanbul, Avrupa Birliği
ülkeleri, ABD ve diğer ülkelerde hafriyat toprağı, inşaat ve yıkıntı atıkları yönetiminde
mevcut durum incelenmiştir. Literatürde belirtilen örnekler ve metotlar dikkate
alınarak, yeni bir sistem oluşturmak için; Türkiye’de üretilen hafriyat toprağı, inşaat ve
yıkıntı atıklarının yaklaşık büyük kısmının üretildiği yer olan İstanbul veri sağlayan il
olarak alınmıştır. Dolayısıyla İstanbul’da, hafriyat toprağı, inşaat ve yıkıntı atığı
yönetimi bu tezin ana inceleme konusu olmuştur. Yönetim planı ise İstanbul’da elde
edilen veriler dikkate alınarak oluşturulmuştur.
Üçüncü bölümde, yerel şartlar, güncel nüfus verileri, tahmini nüfus verileri ile
Uluslararası ve İstanbul koşulları göz önüne alınarak elde edilen kişi başı üretim
miktarı yardımıyla, İstanbul’da üretilecek hafriyat toprağı, inşaat ve yıkıntı atık
miktarları ve bu atıkların nakliye ve depolama maliyetleri hesaplanmıştır.
Dördüncü bölümde, İstanbul’da bina temel kazısı ile yıkım ve altyapı faaliyetleri
sonucu oluşan hafriyat toprağı, inşaat ve yıkıntı atıklarının üretimi, toplanması,
taşınması, geri kazanımı ile depolanarak bertaraf edilmesi işlemlerinin sistematik bir ağ
içerisinde ve bir atık borsası yardımıyla yönetim sistemini öneren yaklaşımlarda
bulunulmuştur. Hafriyat toprağı, inşaat ve yıkıntı atıklarının geri kazanımı veya uygun yöntemle bertaraf edilmesi için oluşturulan yönetim planında; atıkların geri kazanımı ve
depolamasının verimli ve etkili şekilde planlanması, uygulanması ve kontrol edilmesi
işlemlerinin tümünü içeren Tersine Lojistik Yöntemi kullanılmıştır. İstanbul
Büyükşehir Belediyesi tarafından yönetilecek atık borsasının ve ilçe belediyelerinin
kanunlar çerçevesinde atıkları azaltma ve geri kazanım uygulamalarının esas
çerçevesini ise genellikle yerel yönetimlerin kullandığı Genel Tersine Lojistik Ağı
oluşturacaktır. Çünkü bu ağ sistemi, hem geleneksel katı atık hiyerarşisi ile hem de
kaynak, risk ve atık yönetimini çevresel boyutlarıyla inceleyen Çevre Yönetim Sistemi
(ÇYS) ile de uygunluk göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla hem sistem geliştirilmekte, hem de
çevresel etkiler kontrol altına alınabilmektedir.
Beşinci bölümde, hafriyat toprağı inşaat ve yıkıntı atıklarının üretimi, toplanması,
taşınması, geri kazanımı ve bertaraf edilmesini içeren yönetim planında dikkat edilmesi
gereken hususlar belirtilmiş ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes are classified as type of solid waste. Unlike the managernent of solid wastes, the managment system consisting of recycling and disposal of these wastes is a large urban problem with many difficulties. This research study is composed of five sections related with excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes management. In the first section, the management plan including the generation collection, transportation, recycling and disposal of the excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes formed as a result of the foundation excavation, building/demolition activities, and substructure building activities vas mentioned. In addition to this, the significant factors in this management system apart from the current system were mentioned. In the second section, basic definitions related with the excavation soil construction and demolition wastes and the literature review about the existing legislation were made. In addition, the current situation in the management of the excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes in Istanbul, the European Union countries, the United States and other countries was researched. By taking the examples and methods in the literature into account to create a new system. Therefore, these three metropolitan cities were the main subject of this research study in the production of excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes and the management plan was established by considering the data obtained from these places. In the third section the amount of excavation soil, construction and demolition ion wastes in Istanbul was calculated via the amount of per capita production by considering the local conditions, the current population data, estiniated populaion data and international conditions. In the fourth section, some approaches which suggest the management system by the help of waste exchange within a systematic network including the generation, collection, transportation, recycling and disposal of the excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes formed as a result of the foundation excavation and demolition activities and substructure building activities were rnade. Reverse Logistics Method including all the operations about the efficient and effective planning, implementation and control of waste recycling and storage was used in the management plan which was formed for the recycling and proper disposal of excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes. General Reverse Logistics Network which is often used by local municipalities will be used in the Waste Exchange to be formed by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and in the data bank supported by the district municipalities. Since the network system is consistent not only with the traditional hierarchy of solid waste but also with Environmental Management System (EMS) which studies the management of source, risk and waste within environmental dimensions. Therefore, both the system is developed, and the environmental effects can be controlled. In the fifth section, the factors which must be considered in the management plan of excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes including their production, collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal operation were pointed out and then some suggestions were made.
Excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes are classified as type of solid waste. Unlike the managernent of solid wastes, the managment system consisting of recycling and disposal of these wastes is a large urban problem with many difficulties. This research study is composed of five sections related with excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes management. In the first section, the management plan including the generation collection, transportation, recycling and disposal of the excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes formed as a result of the foundation excavation, building/demolition activities, and substructure building activities vas mentioned. In addition to this, the significant factors in this management system apart from the current system were mentioned. In the second section, basic definitions related with the excavation soil construction and demolition wastes and the literature review about the existing legislation were made. In addition, the current situation in the management of the excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes in Istanbul, the European Union countries, the United States and other countries was researched. By taking the examples and methods in the literature into account to create a new system. Therefore, these three metropolitan cities were the main subject of this research study in the production of excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes and the management plan was established by considering the data obtained from these places. In the third section the amount of excavation soil, construction and demolition ion wastes in Istanbul was calculated via the amount of per capita production by considering the local conditions, the current population data, estiniated populaion data and international conditions. In the fourth section, some approaches which suggest the management system by the help of waste exchange within a systematic network including the generation, collection, transportation, recycling and disposal of the excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes formed as a result of the foundation excavation and demolition activities and substructure building activities were rnade. Reverse Logistics Method including all the operations about the efficient and effective planning, implementation and control of waste recycling and storage was used in the management plan which was formed for the recycling and proper disposal of excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes. General Reverse Logistics Network which is often used by local municipalities will be used in the Waste Exchange to be formed by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and in the data bank supported by the district municipalities. Since the network system is consistent not only with the traditional hierarchy of solid waste but also with Environmental Management System (EMS) which studies the management of source, risk and waste within environmental dimensions. Therefore, both the system is developed, and the environmental effects can be controlled. In the fifth section, the factors which must be considered in the management plan of excavation soil, construction and demolition wastes including their production, collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal operation were pointed out and then some suggestions were made.
Description
Keywords
Excavation soil, Construction waste, Demolition wastes, Waste management, Reverse logistics, Hafriyat toprağı, İnşaat atıkları, Yıkıntı atıkları, Atık yönetimi, Tersine lojistik